Unfortunately there is in fact surprisingly little evidence from prospective studies, and we have therefore based our observations on the relatively small number of review articles and case reports available, as well as the collective experience and opinion of the authors. The purpose of this review, which includes our pragmatic practice recommendations, is to outline the known risks or complications of nerve conduction studies (NCS) and needle electromyography (EMG), along with their estimated frequency and severity (see Table 1, Table 2) with reference to evidence-based information where currently available. Patients should be informed of all serious risks, however infrequent, so that they can weigh up the potential benefits against the material risks for themselves. Ideally a practitioner should explain the potential benefits and risks associated with these, including the option of either doing nothing or suggesting any alternatives. In modern medicine it is best practice to explain the investigative and therapeutic options available to patients, so that they can take an active role in decisions about their management along with health professionals.